One of my hobbies of late has been the science of practicing. Really, the studies by those who choose to understand practice and how it is some who practice succeed beyond others. For a brief overview of my exploring which I think would be helpful to any musician: the 10,000 hours/10 years theory, 10+2×5, The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance, and most influentially the 1993 study The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance.
SPECULATION ON THE CAUSES OF THESE INDIVIDUALS’ EXTRAORDINARY AVILITIES AND PERFORMANCE ARE AS OLD AS THE FIRST RECORDS OF THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS. EARLY ACCOUNTS COMMONLY ATTRIBUTE THESE INDIVIDUALS’ OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE TO DIVINE TO DIVINE INTERVENTION, SUCH AS THE INFLUENCE OF THE STARS OR ORGANS IN THEIR BODIES, OR TO SPECIAL GIFTS. AS SCIENCE PROGRESSED, THESE EXPLANATIONS BECAME LESS ACCEPTABLE.
the role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance
IN SUM, THE BELIEF THAT A SUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF EXPERTISE OR PRACTICE LEADS TO MAXIMAL PERFORMANCE APPEARS TO BE INCORRECT.
the role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance
’10 YEAR or 10,000 HOURS’ RULE
SIMON AND CHASE OBSERVED THAT NOBODY HAD ATTAINED THE LEVEL OF AN INTERNATIONAL CHESS MASTER ‘WITH LESS THAN ABOUT A DECADE’S INTENSE PREPARATION WITH THE GAME’
SIMON AND CHASE’S (1973) ’10-YEAR RULE’ IS SUPPORTED BY DATA FROM A WIDE RANGE OF DOMAINS: MUSIC (SOSNIAK, 1985) MATHEMATICS (GUSTIN 1985), TENNIS (MONSAAS, 1985), SWIMMING (KALINOWSKI, 1985) AND LONG DISTANCE RUNNING (WALLINGFORD, 1975).
the role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance
IN THE ABSENCE OF ADEQUATE FEEDBACK, EFFICIENT LEARNING IS IMPOSSIBLE AND IMPROVEMENT ONLY MINIMAL EVEN FOR HIGHLY MOTIVATED SUBJECTS. HENCE MERE REPETITION OF AN ACTIVITY WILL NOT AUTOMATICALLY LEAD TO IMPROVEMENT IN, ESPECIALLY, ACCURACY OF PERFORMANCE.
the role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance
WORK VS. PLAY
…DELIBERATE PRACTICE WOULD ALLOW FOR REPEATED EXPERIENCES IN WHICH THE INDIVIDUAL CAN ATTEND TO THE CRITICAL ASPECTS OF THE SITUATION AND INCREMENTALLY IMPROVE HER OR HIS PERFORMANCE IN RESPONSE TO KNOWLEDGE OF RESULTS, FEEDBACK, OR BOTH FROM A TEACHER.
the role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance
MOST IMPORTANTLY
FINALLY, DELIBERATE PRACTICE IS AN EFFORTFUL ACTIVITY THAT CAN BE SUSTAINED ONLY FOR A LIMITED TIME EACH DAY DURING EXTENDED PERIODS WITHOUT LEADING TO EXHAUSTION (EFFORT CONSTRAINT). TO MAXIMIZE GAINS FROM LONG-TERM PRACTICE, INDIVIDUALS MUST AVOID EXHAUSTION AND MUST LIMIT PRACTICE TO AN AMOUNT FROM WHICH THEY CAN COMPLETELY RECOVER ON A DAILY OR WEEKLY BASIS.
the role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance
FROM OUR SEARCH FOR IMMUTABLE CHARACTERISTICS CORRESPONDING TO INNATE TALENT, WE CONCLUDE THAT INDIVIDUALS ACQUIRE VIRTUALLY ALL OF THE DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERT PERFORMERS THROUGH RELEVANT ACTIVITIES (DELIBERATE PRACTICE).
the role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance
CONCLUSION
PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT BECAUSE EXPERT PERFORMANCE IS QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT FROM NORMAL PERFORMANCE THE EXPERT PERFORMER MUST BE ENDOWED WITH CHARACTERISTICS QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT FROM THOSE OF NORMAL ADULTS.
…WE ARGUE THAT THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EXPERT PERFORMERS AND NORMAL ADULTS REFLECT A LIFE-LONG PERIOD OF DELIBERATE EFFORT TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE IN A SPECIFIC DOMAIN.
the role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance
RANDOM
STUDY OF VIOLINISTS CONCLUDES BEST MUSICIANS PRACTICE 90 MINUTES AND THEN REST. NO EMAIL, NO CLEANING. JUST REST.
RANDOM
TONY ROBBINS (MOTIVATIONAL SPEAKER) URGES ALL WHO WANT TO IMPROVE IN A GIVEN AREA TO RECORD AND MEASURE.
RANDOM
IN THE AREA OF OFFICE WORK THERE IS A STRATEGY POPULAR TODAY CALLED 10+2X5. THIS IS A STRATEGY TO EFFECTIVELY AND WITH CLARITY, KNOCK THINGS OFF A LIST, OR ATTACK STRONGLY SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF A GIVEN PROJECT. THE STRATEGY IS TO WORK ON A GIVEN TASK WITH MAXIMUM EFFORT FOR 10 MINUTES. THEN TO REST FOR 2 MINUTES TO REGAIN AND REJUVINATE. AND TO THEN REPEAT THIS 4 MORE TIMES FOR A TOTAL OF 5 REPETITIONS. THIS CYCLE ADDS UP TO AN HOUR. AND THEN YOU HAVE EFFECTIVELY WORKED ON A TASK AT MAXIMUM EFFORT FOR 50 MINUTES. IT IS VERY POPULAR BECAUSE IT WORKS.